In this paper, lower bound and upper bound on the covering radius ofDNA Codes over a finite ring N with respect to Chinese euclidean distanceare given. Also determine the covering radius of various Repetition DNACodes, Simplex DNA Code Type α and Simplex DNA Code Type β andbounds on the covering radius for MacDonald DNA Codes of both typesover N.

Ionizing radiations can directly affect cells by inducing DNA breaks. This impact includes single-stranded and double-stranded failures; which may cause cell death and mitotic failure. In the present study, with the help of an atomic DNA model built in the Geant4-DNA Code and its initial validation, direct DNA damage by interaction with carbon ions 114/u2 MeV, 134/21 MeV/u oxygen, 62/83 MeV/u helium and radiation 62MeV protons have been investigated. For this purpose, after the initial validation, the results of single-stranded, double-stranded fractures and double-stranded fracture efficiency at depths of 5 to 30.7 mm were evaluated for the mentioned ions. The ratio of single strand breaks for oxygen ions at 5 mm (and the location of the Bragg peak: 30.7 mm), 1.85 (1.55), 4.19 (9.42), and 10.6, respectively. (22/24) is more than carbon ions, helium and proton rays. On the other hand; The two-strand break at a depth of 5 mm for oxygen, carbon, helium and proton ions is equal to 0.09, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.005 respectively. These values were calculated as 2.09, 1.34, 0.22, and 0.03 at the place of the Bragg peak (with a significant increase). The results show heavy ions behave much more effective than light ions and protons in terms of biological effects (in the form of single- and double-strand breaks), therefore, they are more effective options for inhibiting or controlling cancer cells.

Radiotherapy using various beams is one of the methods for treating cancer, Hadrons used to treat cancers that are near critical organs. The most important part of the cell that is damage by ionizing radiation is DNA. In this study, damages induced in the genetic material of living cells (DNA) defined by the atomic model from the protein data bank (PDB) have been studied by radiation of monoenergetic protons and its secondary particles using Geant4 Code. The total SSB yield is independent of energy of incident particle. The total DSB yield is increase with increasing of incident particle LET. The ratio of total inelastic events to absorbed dose for primary protons as well as its secondary particles is independent of energy. The contribution of secondary particles in the formation of single-strand breaks and double-strand breaks have been calculated. The DSB yield generated by secondary particles is increase with decreasing the energy of the incident particle and the contribution of secondary particles to the generate of double-strand break for energies less than 5 Mev is greater than their contribution to the creation of single-strande breaks. The ratio of double-strand breaks to single-strand breaks have been reduced by increasing the energy of the radiation particle.

Terrorism is a phenomenon which considerable attention has been focused on in recent years. In this respect, the criminal Code is one of mechanisms has been regarded to combat terrorism. Although the penal Code is a tool to response the crimes of punishments of offenders, political entity of terrorism can separate the criminal Code from its basic principles in order to combat terrorism procedures and establishing Tool-using for politicians. Notwithstanding this danger (risk), the criminal Code has many privileges to the non-legal alternatives which based on the criminal Code; it can be preferred to other methods like war. Still, the suggested method is creating a comprehensive method to combat terrorism entities which it is to employ every of these methods besides the others.

Microdosimetry is an approach that can be very effective in improving the quality of radiation therapy. Based on the possible concept of deposited energy in microbiological tissues and environments, this knowledge can help to calculate and examine the quantities related to the effect of radiation. In this research, using the Geant4-DNA Code in conjunction with experimental cross-sections and the µ-randomness method, the microdosimetry quantities known as the frequency-mean lineal energy and frequency-mean specific energy were calculated for low-energy electrons. The calculations concerned cylinders that are comparable in size with living organisms such as DNA, nucleosome, and chromatin fiber, distributed randomly in a sphere of water with a diameter of about the average size of the nucleus of human cells. The results were compared with the ones obtained based on the default cross-sections of Geant4-DNA. We found that the average values of (frequency-mean) lineal and specific energy calculated with experimental cross-sections were larger than those calculated with default cross sections. The maximum difference of these quantities was observed, in the so-called small and medium cylinders, at 0.1 keV and, in the large cylinder, at 0.3 keV. Also, for a volume comparable in size to DNA, a good correspondence between the results of frequency-mean lineal energy with experimental cross-sections and the electron DNA-damage in the cell was observed.